Written by Carter Walker, Votebeat Pennsylvania
This article was originally published by Votebeat, a nonprofit news organization covering local election administration and voting access.
Pennsylvania’s policy of rejecting undated and incorrectly dated absentee and mail ballots is more likely to impact voters from communities with larger non-white populations, a Votebeat and Spotlight PA analysis of data from three urban counties has found.
Earlier this month a deadlocked Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that undated and incorrectly dated mail ballots should not be counted in the Nov. 8 midterm election, the latest development in a years-long dispute over these flawed ballots. Under state law, a person who casts a mail ballot must sign and date a declaration on the outer envelope.
In reaction, some counties released lists of voters who had submitted these types of flawed ballots in an effort to have them rectify the error before the end of Election Day so that their vote would be counted.
An analysis of these lists — released by Philadelphia, Allegheny County, and Erie County between Nov. 4 and Nov. 7 — found that the 3,571 voters submitting the flawed ballots were more likely to come from communities with higher than average non-white populations as compared to the voting population as a whole in the county.
“Though [the Pennsylvania Department of State] has not independently confirmed [this] analysis, if accurate, the data you’ve compiled does take a step toward confirming with empirical evidence what we understood to be the case anecdotally,” the agency said in a statement after viewing the findings. “This minor voter error appears to impact specific communities of voters more than others, including older voters, low-income voters and voters in communities of color.”
Oprah Means, a 35-year-old African-American mother of three from Duquesne, Allegheny County, was one such voter. Her ballot was rejected for having an incorrect date — defined by the state Supreme Court as falling outside Sept. 19 to Nov. 8 — and she could not recall what date she wrote that would have been disqualified. She said she was “not at all” surprised to hear there was a racial disparity among rejected ballots.
“It felt like it was done on purpose to me,” Means said, noting that her ballot had been submitted for weeks before she was informed, at 7:40 p.m. on Election Day, that there was an error. She added that by voting she was trying to also set a good example for her 19-year-old daughter.
“It felt just, like, disappointing,” she said. “The people I voted for won, but I was still upset my vote didn’t get counted.”
The disparity was clearest in Philadelphia, where voters who submitted ballots with blank or improper dates were nearly 6 percentage points more likely to come from neighborhoods that have more non-white residents than average.
Pennsylvania’s official list of registered voters, which Votebeat and Spotlight PA used for this analysis, does not contain racial demographics for each individual, making it impossible to do exact comparisons of these voters by race. Instead, Votebeat and Spotlight PA used U.S. census data by ZIP code to identify communities and neighborhoods with a higher than average percentage of non-white residents than the county.
Here’s how that data showed the 6-point disparity among voters: While 55.2% of all registered voters in Philadelphia live in ZIP codes with higher than average non-white populations, 61% of voters who submitted the flawed ballots live in such ZIP codes. (See below to read more about the methodology of this analysis.)
A similar racial disparity was also found in Allegheny County and, to a lesser degree, in Erie County. In Allegheny, which contains Pittsburgh, voters who submitted flawed ballots were also around 6 percentage points more likely to come from ZIP codes with higher than average minority populations. In Erie County, that figure was just over 2 percentage points.
John Curiel, an assistant professor of political science at Ohio Northern University, verified Votebeat and Spotlight PA’s findings using an alternative technique for estimating the races of individual voters in the three counties, based on name and ZIP code.
His analysis similarly found that there was a roughly 7 percentage point greater number of non-white voters among those submitting flawed ballots in Philadelphia as compared to the county’s voting population as a whole. Curiel’s estimates for Allegheny and Erie counties likewise found disparities that support Votebeat and Spotlight PA’s analysis, although without as strong a correlation as in Philadelphia.
Votebeat’s analysis also showed a disparity between the income levels of flawed ballot voters and the voting population as a whole in Allegheny County, but not in Philadelphia and Erie County. In Allegheny, voters submitting flawed ballots were roughly 4 percent more likely to live in ZIP codes with higher than average poverty rates as compared to the county’s voting population as a whole.
When universal mail balloting was introduced to Pennsylvania in 2019 through Act 77, the law required that voters sign and date the outer return envelope.
That portion was challenged in a 2021 case from Lehigh County as violating the 1964 Civil Rights Act’s requirement that a voter’s ballot could not be rejected for reasons that were immaterial to the voter’s eligibility.
Marian Schneider, senior voting rights policy counsel at the ACLU of Pennsylvania, said disparities related to this practice have been known as far back as that case.
“We already know that [rejecting ballots for being undated or having incorrect dates] skews older,” she said.
She said that in the Lehigh case, both sides agreed that the issue had a greater impact on older voters.
An analysis of birth years from Philadelphia and Allegheny’s data found that, in both counties, the median age of voters submitting the improperly dated ballots was slightly higher — two to four years — than those submitting properly dated ballots.
While the U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously agreed with the immaterial defect argument in the Lehigh case, the U.S. Supreme Court mooted the ruling earlier this year, as one of the candidates in the race in question had conceded.
That left the question again up in the air ahead of this year’s election, before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled on Nov. 1 that counties should not count the ballots.
But the issue is once again headed toward the nation’s highest court. The ACLU of Pennsylvania, along with the NAACP and several other organizations, is suing the Pennsylvania Department of State in federal court to have these ballots counted. A hearing hasn’t been held yet.
Similar to the Lehigh case, the current case is making the immaterial defect argument and not arguing the practice violated the Civil Rights Act’s protection of certain classes, including race and age, from discrimination.
But Schneider said the lack of a date, or an incorrect date on a ballots, should have no bearing on a ballot’s validity, and when rules are strictly interpreted in such a way, discrimination often follows.
“Whenever you have a strict reading of election rules, it’s going to disproportionately impact low income voters and … non-white voters,” Schneider said.
How we analyzed the data
Prior to Election Day, Philadelphia, Allegheny County, Erie County, and Beaver County released lists of voters who had submitted undated or incorrectly dated mail ballots before Election Day in an effort to have them rectify the error and have their vote counted.
Votebeat used these datasets for the analysis, which means that presumably some of the ballots used for the analysis were later cured and do not represent the total figure of rejected ballots. Other undated and incorrectly dated ballots may have arrived after counties released those lists. As of Monday, the Pennsylvania Department of State did not have a statewide figure on how many such ballots were rejected.
Philadelphia, Allegheny County, and Erie County’s data included voters’ ZIP codes. We filtered the datasets to find how many voters of flawed ballots were in each ZIP code. Once this was done, Votebeat pulled the estimated percent of the population living below the federal poverty line and estimated percent of the population which was white-only, non-Hispanic for each ZIP code using the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2020 American Communities Survey.
The same process was done for the entire voting population of each county, using a voter roll acquired from the Pennsylvania Department of State on Nov. 7, 2022.
For each of the three counties, we also acquired data on the percent of the population living in poverty for the population as a whole and the percent of white-only, non-Hispanic residents for the population as a whole from the 2020 census.
Once all data was collected, we added together the number of all voters living in ZIP codes with higher than average non-white populations as compared to the county average. We also added up the number of all voters living in ZIP codes with a higher than average percent of residents in poverty compared to the county average. This was done for all three counties with both the flawed ballot and full voter roll datasets. Votebeat then compared these numbers to see if a voter submitting a flawed ballot was more likely to live in a ZIP code with a greater than average minority population or greater than average poverty.
Using a process called Bayesian Inference, Curiel, the Ohio Northern University professor, was able to estimate the races of voters in each of the three counties submitting flawed ballots. His data was then compared against 2020 race and ethnicity data for the voting population as a whole from a special tabulation of American Communities Survey data created by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Votebeat used data from 2020 across all datasets because that was the most recent data available from the voting population special tabulation.
Aseem Shukla, a data reporter with the Philadelphia Inquirer, calculated the median age of voters in Philadelphia and Allegheny who returned mail ballots with the proper dates. Those figures were then compared against the median age of voters who submitted flawed ballots in those counties.
Carter Walker is a reporter for Votebeat in partnership with Spotlight PA. Contact Carter at cwalker@votebeat.org.
